/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  package ca.uhn.hl7v2.hoh.util.repackage;
  
  import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.nio.charset.Charset;
  import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
  import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
  
  /**
   * Provides Base64 encoding and decoding as defined by <a
   * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>.
   * 
   * <p>
   * This class implements section <cite>6.8. Base64
   * Content-Transfer-Encoding</cite> from RFC 2045 <cite>Multipurpose Internet
   * Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</cite> by
   * Freed and Borenstein.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The class can be parameterized in the following manner with various
   * constructors:
   * <ul>
   * <li>URL-safe mode: Default off.</li>
   * <li>Line length: Default 76. Line length that aren't multiples of 4 will
   * still essentially end up being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
   * <li>Line separator: Default is CRLF ("\r\n")</li>
   * </ul>
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Since this class operates directly on byte streams, and not character
   * streams, it is hard-coded to only encode/decode character encodings which are
   * compatible with the lower 127 ASCII chart (ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, UTF-8,
   * etc).
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * This class is thread-safe.
   * </p>
   * 
   * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
   * @author Note that this class has been repackaged from Apache Commons-Codec
   *         and is distributed under the terms of the Apache Software License,
   *         version 2.0
   */
  public class Base64 {
  
  	public static void main(String[] args) {
  		
  		System.out.println("basic " + encodeBase64String("cgta:d@3r$@TTg2446yhhh2h4".getBytes()));
  		
  	}
  	
  	/**
  	 * BASE32 characters are 6 bits in length. They are formed by taking a block
  	 * of 3 octets to form a 24-bit string, which is converted into 4 BASE64
  	 * characters.
  	 */
  	private static final int BITS_PER_ENCODED_BYTE = 6;
  	private static final int BYTES_PER_UNENCODED_BLOCK = 3;
  	private static final int BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
  
  	/**
  	 * Chunk separator per RFC 2045 section 2.1.
  	 * 
  	 * <p>
  	 * N.B. The next major release may break compatibility and make this field
  	 * private.
  	 * </p>
  	 * 
  	 * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045 section
  	 *      2.1</a>
  	 */
  	static final byte[] CHUNK_SEPARATOR = { '\r', '\n' };
  
  	/**
  	 * This array is a lookup table that translates 6-bit positive integer index
  	 * values into their "Base64 Alphabet" equivalents as specified in Table 1
  	 * of RFC 2045.
  	 * 
  	 * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for this code.
  	 * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
  	 */
  	private static final byte[] STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE = { 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r',
 			's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/' };
 
 	/**
 	 * This is a copy of the STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE above, but with + and /
 	 * changed to - and _ to make the encoded Base64 results more URL-SAFE. This
 	 * table is only used when the Base64's mode is set to URL-SAFE.
 	 */
 	private static final byte[] URL_SAFE_ENCODE_TABLE = { 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r',
 			's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_' };
 
 	/**
 	 * This array is a lookup table that translates Unicode characters drawn
 	 * from the "Base64 Alphabet" (as specified in Table 1 of RFC 2045) into
 	 * their 6-bit positive integer equivalents. Characters that are not in the
 	 * Base64 alphabet but fall within the bounds of the array are translated to
 	 * -1.
 	 * 
 	 * Note: '+' and '-' both decode to 62. '/' and '_' both decode to 63. This
 	 * means decoder seamlessly handles both URL_SAFE and STANDARD base64. (The
 	 * encoder, on the other hand, needs to know ahead of time what to emit).
 	 * 
 	 * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for this code.
 	 * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
 	 */
 	private static final byte[] DECODE_TABLE = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, 62, -1, 63, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
 			61, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, 63, -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 };
 
 	/**
 	 * Base64 uses 6-bit fields.
 	 */
 	/** Mask used to extract 6 bits, used when encoding */
 	private static final int MASK_6BITS = 0x3f;
 
 	// The static final fields above are used for the original static byte[]
 	// methods on Base64.
 	// The private member fields below are used with the new streaming approach,
 	// which requires
 	// some state be preserved between calls of encode() and decode().
 
 	/**
 	 * Encode table to use: either STANDARD or URL_SAFE. Note: the DECODE_TABLE
 	 * above remains static because it is able to decode both STANDARD and
 	 * URL_SAFE streams, but the encodeTable must be a member variable so we can
 	 * switch between the two modes.
 	 */
 	private byte[] encodeTable;
 
 	// Only one decode table currently; keep for consistency with Base32 code
 	private final byte[] decodeTable = DECODE_TABLE;
 
 	/**
 	 * Line separator for encoding. Not used when decoding. Only used if
 	 * lineLength > 0.
 	 */
 	private byte[] lineSeparator;
 
 	/**
 	 * Convenience variable to help us determine when our buffer is going to run
 	 * out of room and needs resizing.
 	 * <code>decodeSize = 3 + lineSeparator.length;</code>
 	 */
 	private int decodeSize;
 
 	/**
 	 * Convenience variable to help us determine when our buffer is going to run
 	 * out of room and needs resizing.
 	 * <code>encodeSize = 4 + lineSeparator.length;</code>
 	 */
 	private int encodeSize;
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in
 	 * URL-unsafe mode.
 	 * <p>
 	 * When encoding the line length is 0 (no chunking), and the encoding table
 	 * is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * When decoding all variants are supported.
 	 * </p>
 	 */
 	public Base64() {
 		this(0);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in the
 	 * given URL-safe mode.
 	 * <p>
 	 * When encoding the line length is 76, the line separator is CRLF, and the
 	 * encoding table is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * When decoding all variants are supported.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @param urlSafe
 	 *            if {@code true}, URL-safe encoding is used. In most cases this
 	 *            should be set to {@code false}.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public Base64(boolean urlSafe) {
 		this(MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CHUNK_SEPARATOR, urlSafe);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in
 	 * URL-unsafe mode.
 	 * <p>
 	 * When encoding the line length is given in the constructor, the line
 	 * separator is CRLF, and the encoding table is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * Line lengths that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up
 	 * being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * When decoding all variants are supported.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @param lineLength
 	 *            Each line of encoded data will be at most of the given length
 	 *            (rounded down to nearest multiple of 4). If lineLength <= 0,
 	 *            then the output will not be divided into lines (chunks).
 	 *            Ignored when decoding.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public Base64(int lineLength) {
 		this(lineLength, CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in
 	 * URL-unsafe mode.
 	 * <p>
 	 * When encoding the line length and line separator are given in the
 	 * constructor, and the encoding table is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * Line lengths that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up
 	 * being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * When decoding all variants are supported.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @param lineLength
 	 *            Each line of encoded data will be at most of the given length
 	 *            (rounded down to nearest multiple of 4). If lineLength <= 0,
 	 *            then the output will not be divided into lines (chunks).
 	 *            Ignored when decoding.
 	 * @param lineSeparator
 	 *            Each line of encoded data will end with this sequence of
 	 *            bytes.
 	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 	 *             Thrown when the provided lineSeparator included some base64
 	 *             characters.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public Base64(int lineLength, byte[] lineSeparator) {
 		this(lineLength, lineSeparator, false);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in
 	 * URL-unsafe mode.
 	 * <p>
 	 * When encoding the line length and line separator are given in the
 	 * constructor, and the encoding table is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * Line lengths that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up
 	 * being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * When decoding all variants are supported.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @param lineLength
 	 *            Each line of encoded data will be at most of the given length
 	 *            (rounded down to nearest multiple of 4). If lineLength <= 0,
 	 *            then the output will not be divided into lines (chunks).
 	 *            Ignored when decoding.
 	 * @param lineSeparator
 	 *            Each line of encoded data will end with this sequence of
 	 *            bytes.
 	 * @param urlSafe
 	 *            Instead of emitting '+' and '/' we emit '-' and '_'
 	 *            respectively. urlSafe is only applied to encode operations.
 	 *            Decoding seamlessly handles both modes.
 	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 	 *             The provided lineSeparator included some base64 characters.
 	 *             That's not going to work!
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public Base64(int lineLength, byte[] lineSeparator, boolean urlSafe) {
 		this(BYTES_PER_UNENCODED_BLOCK, BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, lineLength, lineSeparator == null ? 0 : lineSeparator.length);
 		// TODO could be simplified if there is no requirement to reject invalid
 		// line sep when length <=0
 		// @see test case Base64Test.testConstructors()
 		if (lineSeparator != null) {
 			if (containsAlphabetOrPad(lineSeparator)) {
 				String sep = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(lineSeparator);
 				throw new IllegalArgumentException("lineSeparator must not contain base64 characters: [" + sep + "]");
 			}
 			if (lineLength > 0) { // null line-sep forces no chunking rather
 									// than throwing IAE
 				this.encodeSize = BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK + lineSeparator.length;
 				this.lineSeparator = new byte[lineSeparator.length];
 				System.arraycopy(lineSeparator, 0, this.lineSeparator, 0, lineSeparator.length);
 			} else {
 				this.encodeSize = BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK;
 				this.lineSeparator = null;
 			}
 		} else {
 			this.encodeSize = BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK;
 			this.lineSeparator = null;
 		}
 		this.decodeSize = this.encodeSize - 1;
 		this.encodeTable = urlSafe ? URL_SAFE_ENCODE_TABLE : STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns our current encode mode. True if we're URL-SAFE, false otherwise.
 	 * 
 	 * @return true if we're in URL-SAFE mode, false otherwise.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public boolean isUrlSafe() {
 		return this.encodeTable == URL_SAFE_ENCODE_TABLE;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * <p>
 	 * Encodes all of the provided data, starting at inPos, for inAvail bytes.
 	 * Must be called at least twice: once with the data to encode, and once
 	 * with inAvail set to "-1" to alert encoder that EOF has been reached, so
 	 * flush last remaining bytes (if not multiple of 3).
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for the bitwise operations,
 	 * and general approach.
 	 * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @param in
 	 *            byte[] array of binary data to base64 encode.
 	 * @param inPos
 	 *            Position to start reading data from.
 	 * @param inAvail
 	 *            Amount of bytes available from input for encoding.
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 */
 	void encode(byte[] in, int inPos, int inAvail, Context context) {
 		if (context.eof) {
 			return;
 		}
 		// inAvail < 0 is how we're informed of EOF in the underlying data we're
 		// encoding.
 		if (inAvail < 0) {
 			context.eof = true;
 			if (0 == context.modulus && lineLength == 0) {
 				return; // no leftovers to process and not using chunking
 			}
 			ensureBufferSize(encodeSize, context);
 			int savedPos = context.pos;
 			switch (context.modulus) { // 0-2
 			case 1: // 8 bits = 6 + 2
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea >> 2) & MASK_6BITS]; // top
 																										// 6
 																										// bits
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea << 4) & MASK_6BITS]; // remaining
 																										// 2
 				// URL-SAFE skips the padding to further reduce size.
 				if (encodeTable == STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE) {
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = PAD;
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = PAD;
 				}
 				break;
 
 			case 2: // 16 bits = 6 + 6 + 4
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea >> 10) & MASK_6BITS];
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea >> 4) & MASK_6BITS];
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea << 2) & MASK_6BITS];
 				// URL-SAFE skips the padding to further reduce size.
 				if (encodeTable == STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE) {
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = PAD;
 				}
 				break;
 			}
 			context.currentLinePos += context.pos - savedPos; // keep track of
 																// current line
 																// position
 			// if currentPos == 0 we are at the start of a line, so don't add
 			// CRLF
 			if (lineLength > 0 && context.currentLinePos > 0) {
 				System.arraycopy(lineSeparator, 0, context.buffer, context.pos, lineSeparator.length);
 				context.pos += lineSeparator.length;
 			}
 		} else {
 			for (int i = 0; i < inAvail; i++) {
 				ensureBufferSize(encodeSize, context);
 				context.modulus = (context.modulus + 1) % BYTES_PER_UNENCODED_BLOCK;
 				int b = in[inPos++];
 				if (b < 0) {
 					b += 256;
 				}
 				context.ibitWorkArea = (context.ibitWorkArea << 8) + b; // BITS_PER_BYTE
 				if (0 == context.modulus) { // 3 bytes = 24 bits = 4 * 6 bits to
 											// extract
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea >> 18) & MASK_6BITS];
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea >> 12) & MASK_6BITS];
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[(context.ibitWorkArea >> 6) & MASK_6BITS];
 					context.buffer[context.pos++] = encodeTable[context.ibitWorkArea & MASK_6BITS];
 					context.currentLinePos += BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK;
 					if (lineLength > 0 && lineLength <= context.currentLinePos) {
 						System.arraycopy(lineSeparator, 0, context.buffer, context.pos, lineSeparator.length);
 						context.pos += lineSeparator.length;
 						context.currentLinePos = 0;
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * <p>
 	 * Decodes all of the provided data, starting at inPos, for inAvail bytes.
 	 * Should be called at least twice: once with the data to decode, and once
 	 * with inAvail set to "-1" to alert decoder that EOF has been reached. The
 	 * "-1" call is not necessary when decoding, but it doesn't hurt, either.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * Ignores all non-base64 characters. This is how chunked (e.g. 76
 	 * character) data is handled, since CR and LF are silently ignored, but has
 	 * implications for other bytes, too. This method subscribes to the
 	 * garbage-in, garbage-out philosophy: it will not check the provided data
 	 * for validity.
 	 * </p>
 	 * <p>
 	 * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for the bitwise operations,
 	 * and general approach.
 	 * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @param in
 	 *            byte[] array of ascii data to base64 decode.
 	 * @param inPos
 	 *            Position to start reading data from.
 	 * @param inAvail
 	 *            Amount of bytes available from input for encoding.
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 */
 	void decode(byte[] in, int inPos, int inAvail, Context context) {
 		if (context.eof) {
 			return;
 		}
 		if (inAvail < 0) {
 			context.eof = true;
 		}
 		for (int i = 0; i < inAvail; i++) {
 			ensureBufferSize(decodeSize, context);
 			byte b = in[inPos++];
 			if (b == PAD) {
 				// We're done.
 				context.eof = true;
 				break;
 			} else {
 				if (b >= 0 && b < DECODE_TABLE.length) {
 					int result = DECODE_TABLE[b];
 					if (result >= 0) {
 						context.modulus = (context.modulus + 1) % BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK;
 						context.ibitWorkArea = (context.ibitWorkArea << BITS_PER_ENCODED_BYTE) + result;
 						if (context.modulus == 0) {
 							context.buffer[context.pos++] = (byte) ((context.ibitWorkArea >> 16) & MASK_8BITS);
 							context.buffer[context.pos++] = (byte) ((context.ibitWorkArea >> 8) & MASK_8BITS);
 							context.buffer[context.pos++] = (byte) (context.ibitWorkArea & MASK_8BITS);
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Two forms of EOF as far as base64 decoder is concerned: actual
 		// EOF (-1) and first time '=' character is encountered in stream.
 		// This approach makes the '=' padding characters completely optional.
 		if (context.eof && context.modulus != 0) {
 			ensureBufferSize(decodeSize, context);
 
 			// We have some spare bits remaining
 			// Output all whole multiples of 8 bits and ignore the rest
 			switch (context.modulus) {
 			// case 1: // 6 bits - ignore entirely
 			// break;
 			case 2: // 12 bits = 8 + 4
 				context.ibitWorkArea = context.ibitWorkArea >> 4; // dump the
 																	// extra 4
 																	// bits
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = (byte) ((context.ibitWorkArea) & MASK_8BITS);
 				break;
 			case 3: // 18 bits = 8 + 8 + 2
 				context.ibitWorkArea = context.ibitWorkArea >> 2; // dump 2 bits
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = (byte) ((context.ibitWorkArea >> 8) & MASK_8BITS);
 				context.buffer[context.pos++] = (byte) ((context.ibitWorkArea) & MASK_8BITS);
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Tests a given byte array to see if it contains only valid characters
 	 * within the Base64 alphabet. Currently the method treats whitespace as
 	 * valid.
 	 * 
 	 * @param arrayOctet
 	 *            byte array to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if all bytes are valid characters in the Base64
 	 *         alphabet or if the byte array is empty; {@code false}, otherwise
 	 * @deprecated 1.5 Use {@link #isBase64(byte[])}, will be removed in 2.0.
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static boolean isArrayByteBase64(byte[] arrayOctet) {
 		return isBase64(arrayOctet);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns whether or not the <code>octet</code> is in the base 64 alphabet.
 	 * 
 	 * @param octet
 	 *            The value to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if the value is defined in the the base 64 alphabet,
 	 *         {@code false} otherwise.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static boolean isBase64(byte octet) {
 		return octet == PAD_DEFAULT || (octet >= 0 && octet < DECODE_TABLE.length && DECODE_TABLE[octet] != -1);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Tests a given String to see if it contains only valid characters within
 	 * the Base64 alphabet. Currently the method treats whitespace as valid.
 	 * 
 	 * @param base64
 	 *            String to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if all characters in the String are valid characters
 	 *         in the Base64 alphabet or if the String is empty; {@code false},
 	 *         otherwise
 	 * @since 1.5
 	 */
 	public static boolean isBase64(String base64) {
 		return isBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(base64));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Tests a given byte array to see if it contains only valid characters
 	 * within the Base64 alphabet. Currently the method treats whitespace as
 	 * valid.
 	 * 
 	 * @param arrayOctet
 	 *            byte array to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if all bytes are valid characters in the Base64
 	 *         alphabet or if the byte array is empty; {@code false}, otherwise
 	 * @since 1.5
 	 */
 	public static boolean isBase64(byte[] arrayOctet) {
 		for (byte b : arrayOctet) {
 			if (!isBase64(b) && !isWhiteSpace(b)) {
 				return false;
 			}
 		}
 		return true;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm but does not chunk the
 	 * output.
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            binary data to encode
 	 * @return byte[] containing Base64 characters in their UTF-8
 	 *         representation.
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeBase64(byte[] binaryData) {
 		return encodeBase64(binaryData, false);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm but does not chunk the
 	 * output.
 	 * 
 	 * NOTE: We changed the behaviour of this method from multi-line chunking
 	 * (commons-codec-1.4) to single-line non-chunking (commons-codec-1.5).
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            binary data to encode
 	 * @return String containing Base64 characters.
 	 * @since 1.4 (NOTE: 1.4 chunked the output, whereas 1.5 does not).
 	 */
 	public static String encodeBase64String(byte[] binaryData) {
 		return StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodeBase64(binaryData, false));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using a URL-safe variation of the base64 algorithm
 	 * but does not chunk the output. The url-safe variation emits - and _
 	 * instead of + and / characters.
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            binary data to encode
 	 * @return byte[] containing Base64 characters in their UTF-8
 	 *         representation.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeBase64URLSafe(byte[] binaryData) {
 		return encodeBase64(binaryData, false, true);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using a URL-safe variation of the base64 algorithm
 	 * but does not chunk the output. The url-safe variation emits - and _
 	 * instead of + and / characters.
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            binary data to encode
 	 * @return String containing Base64 characters
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static String encodeBase64URLSafeString(byte[] binaryData) {
 		return StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodeBase64(binaryData, false, true));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm and chunks the encoded
 	 * output into 76 character blocks
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            binary data to encode
 	 * @return Base64 characters chunked in 76 character blocks
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeBase64Chunked(byte[] binaryData) {
 		return encodeBase64(binaryData, true);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm, optionally chunking the
 	 * output into 76 character blocks.
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            Array containing binary data to encode.
 	 * @param isChunked
 	 *            if {@code true} this encoder will chunk the base64 output into
 	 *            76 character blocks
 	 * @return Base64-encoded data.
 	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 	 *             Thrown when the input array needs an output array bigger than
 	 *             {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeBase64(byte[] binaryData, boolean isChunked) {
 		return encodeBase64(binaryData, isChunked, false);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm, optionally chunking the
 	 * output into 76 character blocks.
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            Array containing binary data to encode.
 	 * @param isChunked
 	 *            if {@code true} this encoder will chunk the base64 output into
 	 *            76 character blocks
 	 * @param urlSafe
 	 *            if {@code true} this encoder will emit - and _ instead of the
 	 *            usual + and / characters.
 	 * @return Base64-encoded data.
 	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 	 *             Thrown when the input array needs an output array bigger than
 	 *             {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeBase64(byte[] binaryData, boolean isChunked, boolean urlSafe) {
 		return encodeBase64(binaryData, isChunked, urlSafe, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm, optionally chunking the
 	 * output into 76 character blocks.
 	 * 
 	 * @param binaryData
 	 *            Array containing binary data to encode.
 	 * @param isChunked
 	 *            if {@code true} this encoder will chunk the base64 output into
 	 *            76 character blocks
 	 * @param urlSafe
 	 *            if {@code true} this encoder will emit - and _ instead of the
 	 *            usual + and / characters.
 	 * @param maxResultSize
 	 *            The maximum result size to accept.
 	 * @return Base64-encoded data.
 	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 	 *             Thrown when the input array needs an output array bigger than
 	 *             maxResultSize
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeBase64(byte[] binaryData, boolean isChunked, boolean urlSafe, int maxResultSize) {
 		if (binaryData == null || binaryData.length == 0) {
 			return binaryData;
 		}
 
 		// Create this so can use the super-class method
 		// Also ensures that the same roundings are performed by the ctor and
 		// the code
 		Base64 b64 = isChunked ? new Base64package/Base64.html#Base64">Base64(urlSafe) : new Base64(0, CHUNK_SEPARATOR, urlSafe);
 		long len = b64.getEncodedLength(binaryData);
 		if (len > maxResultSize) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Input array too big, the output array would be bigger (" + len + ") than the specified maximum size of " + maxResultSize);
 		}
 
 		return b64.encode(binaryData);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decodes a Base64 String into octets
 	 * 
 	 * @param base64String
 	 *            String containing Base64 data
 	 * @return Array containing decoded data.
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static byte[] decodeBase64(String base64String) {
 		return new Base64().decode(base64String);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decodes Base64 data into octets
 	 * 
 	 * @param base64Data
 	 *            Byte array containing Base64 data
 	 * @return Array containing decoded data.
 	 */
 	public static byte[] decodeBase64(byte[] base64Data) {
 		return new Base64().decode(base64Data);
 	}
 
 	// Implementation of the Encoder Interface
 
 	// Implementation of integer encoding used for crypto
 	/**
 	 * Decodes a byte64-encoded integer according to crypto standards such as
 	 * W3C's XML-Signature
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            a byte array containing base64 character data
 	 * @return A BigInteger
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static BigInteger decodeInteger(byte[] pArray) {
 		return new BigInteger(1, decodeBase64(pArray));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes to a byte64-encoded integer according to crypto standards such as
 	 * W3C's XML-Signature
 	 * 
 	 * @param bigInt
 	 *            a BigInteger
 	 * @return A byte array containing base64 character data
 	 * @throws NullPointerException
 	 *             if null is passed in
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static byte[] encodeInteger(BigInteger bigInt) {
 		if (bigInt == null) {
 			throw new NullPointerException("encodeInteger called with null parameter");
 		}
 		return encodeBase64(toIntegerBytes(bigInt), false);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns a byte-array representation of a <code>BigInteger</code> without
 	 * sign bit.
 	 * 
 	 * @param bigInt
 	 *            <code>BigInteger</code> to be converted
 	 * @return a byte array representation of the BigInteger parameter
 	 */
 	static byte[] toIntegerBytes(BigInteger bigInt) {
 		int bitlen = bigInt.bitLength();
 		// round bitlen
 		bitlen = ((bitlen + 7) >> 3) << 3;
 		byte[] bigBytes = bigInt.toByteArray();
 
 		if (((bigInt.bitLength() % 8) != 0) && (((bigInt.bitLength() / 8) + 1) == (bitlen / 8))) {
 			return bigBytes;
 		}
 		// set up params for copying everything but sign bit
 		int startSrc = 0;
 		int len = bigBytes.length;
 
 		// if bigInt is exactly byte-aligned, just skip signbit in copy
 		if ((bigInt.bitLength() % 8) == 0) {
 			startSrc = 1;
 			len--;
 		}
 		int startDst = bitlen / 8 - len; // to pad w/ nulls as per spec
 		byte[] resizedBytes = new byte[bitlen / 8];
 		System.arraycopy(bigBytes, startSrc, resizedBytes, startDst, len);
 		return resizedBytes;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns whether or not the <code>octet</code> is in the Base32 alphabet.
 	 * 
 	 * @param octet
 	 *            The value to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if the value is defined in the the Base32 alphabet
 	 *         {@code false} otherwise.
 	 */
 	protected boolean isInAlphabet(byte octet) {
 		return octet >= 0 && octet < decodeTable.length && decodeTable[octet] != -1;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Holds thread context so classes can be thread-safe.
 	 * 
 	 * This class is not itself thread-safe; each thread must allocate its own
 	 * copy.
 	 * 
 	 * @since 1.7
 	 */
 	static class Context {
 
 		/**
 		 * Place holder for the bytes we're dealing with for our based logic.
 		 * Bitwise operations store and extract the encoding or decoding from
 		 * this variable.
 		 */
 		int ibitWorkArea;
 
 		/**
 		 * Place holder for the bytes we're dealing with for our based logic.
 		 * Bitwise operations store and extract the encoding or decoding from
 		 * this variable.
 		 */
 		long lbitWorkArea;
 
 		/**
 		 * Buffer for streaming.
 		 */
 		byte[] buffer;
 
 		/**
 		 * Position where next character should be written in the buffer.
 		 */
 		int pos;
 
 		/**
 		 * Position where next character should be read from the buffer.
 		 */
 		int readPos;
 
 		/**
 		 * Boolean flag to indicate the EOF has been reached. Once EOF has been
 		 * reached, this object becomes useless, and must be thrown away.
 		 */
 		boolean eof;
 
 		/**
 		 * Variable tracks how many characters have been written to the current
 		 * line. Only used when encoding. We use it to make sure each encoded
 		 * line never goes beyond lineLength (if lineLength > 0).
 		 */
 		int currentLinePos;
 
 		/**
 		 * Writes to the buffer only occur after every 3/5 reads when encoding,
 		 * and every 4/8 reads when decoding. This variable helps track that.
 		 */
 		int modulus;
 
 		Context() {
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * EOF
 	 * 
 	 * @since 1.7
 	 */
 	static final int EOF = -1;
 
 	/**
 	 * MIME chunk size per RFC 2045 section 6.8.
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * The {@value} character limit does not count the trailing CRLF, but counts
 	 * all other characters, including any equal signs.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045 section
 	 *      6.8</a>
 	 */
 	public static final int MIME_CHUNK_SIZE = 76;
 
 	/**
 	 * PEM chunk size per RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4.
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * The {@value} character limit does not count the trailing CRLF, but counts
 	 * all other characters, including any equal signs.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1421">RFC 1421 section
 	 *      4.3.2.4</a>
 	 */
 	public static final int PEM_CHUNK_SIZE = 64;
 
 	private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_RESIZE_FACTOR = 2;
 
 	/**
 	 * Defines the default buffer size - currently {@value} - must be large
 	 * enough for at least one encoded block+separator
 	 */
 	private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
 
 	/** Mask used to extract 8 bits, used in decoding bytes */
 	protected static final int MASK_8BITS = 0xff;
 
 	/**
 	 * Byte used to pad output.
 	 */
 	protected static final byte PAD_DEFAULT = '='; // Allow static access to
 													// default
 
 	protected final byte PAD = PAD_DEFAULT; // instance variable just in case it
 											// needs to vary later
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of bytes in each full block of unencoded data, e.g. 4 for Base64
 	 * and 5 for Base32
 	 */
 	private final int unencodedBlockSize;
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of bytes in each full block of encoded data, e.g. 3 for Base64 and
 	 * 8 for Base32
 	 */
 	private final int encodedBlockSize;
 
 	/**
 	 * Chunksize for encoding. Not used when decoding. A value of zero or less
 	 * implies no chunking of the encoded data. Rounded down to nearest multiple
 	 * of encodedBlockSize.
 	 */
 	protected final int lineLength;
 
 	/**
 	 * Size of chunk separator. Not used unless {@link #lineLength} > 0.
 	 */
 	private final int chunkSeparatorLength;
 
 	/**
 	 * Note <code>lineLength</code> is rounded down to the nearest multiple of
 	 * {@link #encodedBlockSize} If <code>chunkSeparatorLength</code> is zero,
 	 * then chunking is disabled.
 	 * 
 	 * @param unencodedBlockSize
 	 *            the size of an unencoded block (e.g. Base64 = 3)
 	 * @param encodedBlockSize
 	 *            the size of an encoded block (e.g. Base64 = 4)
 	 * @param lineLength
 	 *            if &gt; 0, use chunking with a length <code>lineLength</code>
 	 * @param chunkSeparatorLength
 	 *            the chunk separator length, if relevant
 	 */
 	protected Base64(int unencodedBlockSize, int encodedBlockSize, int lineLength, int chunkSeparatorLength) {
 		this.unencodedBlockSize = unencodedBlockSize;
 		this.encodedBlockSize = encodedBlockSize;
 		this.lineLength = (lineLength > 0 && chunkSeparatorLength > 0) ? (lineLength / encodedBlockSize) * encodedBlockSize : 0;
 		this.chunkSeparatorLength = chunkSeparatorLength;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns true if this object has buffered data for reading.
 	 * 
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 * @return true if there is data still available for reading.
 	 */
 	boolean hasData(Context context) { // package protected for access from I/O
 										// streams
 		return context.buffer != null;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns the amount of buffered data available for reading.
 	 * 
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 * @return The amount of buffered data available for reading.
 	 */
 	int available(Context context) { // package protected for access from I/O
 										// streams
 		return context.buffer != null ? context.pos - context.readPos : 0;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Get the default buffer size. Can be overridden.
 	 * 
 	 * @return {@link #DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE}
 	 */
 	protected int getDefaultBufferSize() {
 		return DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Increases our buffer by the {@link #DEFAULT_BUFFER_RESIZE_FACTOR}.
 	 * 
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 */
 	private void resizeBuffer(Context context) {
 		if (context.buffer == null) {
 			context.buffer = new byte[getDefaultBufferSize()];
 			context.pos = 0;
 			context.readPos = 0;
 		} else {
 			byte[] b = new byte[context.buffer.length * DEFAULT_BUFFER_RESIZE_FACTOR];
 			System.arraycopy(context.buffer, 0, b, 0, context.buffer.length);
 			context.buffer = b;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Ensure that the buffer has room for <code>size</code> bytes
 	 * 
 	 * @param size
 	 *            minimum spare space required
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 */
 	protected void ensureBufferSize(int size, Context context) {
 		if ((context.buffer == null) || (context.buffer.length < context.pos + size)) {
 			resizeBuffer(context);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Extracts buffered data into the provided byte[] array, starting at
 	 * position bPos, up to a maximum of bAvail bytes. Returns how many bytes
 	 * were actually extracted.
 	 * 
 	 * @param b
 	 *            byte[] array to extract the buffered data into.
 	 * @param bPos
 	 *            position in byte[] array to start extraction at.
 	 * @param bAvail
 	 *            amount of bytes we're allowed to extract. We may extract fewer
 	 *            (if fewer are available).
 	 * @param context
 	 *            the context to be used
 	 * @return The number of bytes successfully extracted into the provided
 	 *         byte[] array.
 	 */
 	int readResults(byte[] b, int bPos, int bAvail, Context context) { // package
 																		// protected
 																		// for
 																		// access
 																		// from
 																		// I/O
 																		// streams
 		if (context.buffer != null) {
 			int len = Math.min(available(context), bAvail);
 			System.arraycopy(context.buffer, context.readPos, b, bPos, len);
 			context.readPos += len;
 			if (context.readPos >= context.pos) {
 				context.buffer = null; // so hasData() will return false, and
 										// this method can return -1
 			}
 			return len;
 		}
 		return context.eof ? EOF : 0;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Checks if a byte value is whitespace or not. Whitespace is taken to mean:
 	 * space, tab, CR, LF
 	 * 
 	 * @param byteToCheck
 	 *            the byte to check
 	 * @return true if byte is whitespace, false otherwise
 	 */
 	protected static boolean isWhiteSpace(byte byteToCheck) {
 		switch (byteToCheck) {
 		case ' ':
 		case '\n':
 		case '\r':
 		case '\t':
 			return true;
 		default:
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes an Object using the Base-N algorithm. This method is provided in
 	 * order to satisfy the requirements of the Encoder interface, and will
 	 * throw an EncoderException if the supplied object is not of type byte[].
 	 * 
 	 * @param obj
 	 *            Object to encode
 	 * @return An object (of type byte[]) containing the Base-N encoded data
 	 *         which corresponds to the byte[] supplied.
 	 * @throws Exception
 	 *             if the parameter supplied is not of type byte[]
 	 */
 	public Object encode(Object obj) throws Exception {
 		if (!(obj instanceof byte[])) {
 			throw new Exception("Parameter supplied to Base-N encode is not a byte[]");
 		}
 		return encode((byte[]) obj);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes a byte[] containing binary data, into a String containing
 	 * characters in the Base-N alphabet. Uses UTF8 encoding.
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            a byte array containing binary data
 	 * @return A String containing only Base-N character data
 	 */
 	public String encodeToString(byte[] pArray) {
 		return StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encode(pArray));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes a byte[] containing binary data, into a String containing
 	 * characters in the appropriate alphabet. Uses UTF8 encoding.
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            a byte array containing binary data
 	 * @return String containing only character data in the appropriate
 	 *         alphabet.
 	 */
 	public String encodeAsString(byte[] pArray) {
 		return StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encode(pArray));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decodes an Object using the Base-N algorithm. This method is provided in
 	 * order to satisfy the requirements of the Decoder interface, and will
 	 * throw a DecoderException if the supplied object is not of type byte[] or
 	 * String.
 	 * 
 	 * @param obj
 	 *            Object to decode
 	 * @return An object (of type byte[]) containing the binary data which
 	 *         corresponds to the byte[] or String supplied.
 	 * @throws Exception
 	 *             if the parameter supplied is not of type byte[]
 	 */
 	public Object decode(Object obj) throws Exception {
 		if (obj instanceof byte[]) {
 			return decode((byte[]) obj);
 		} else if (obj instanceof String) {
 			return decode((String) obj);
 		} else {
 			throw new Exception("Parameter supplied to Base-N decode is not a byte[] or a String");
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decodes a String containing characters in the Base-N alphabet.
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            A String containing Base-N character data
 	 * @return a byte array containing binary data
 	 */
 	public byte[] decode(String pArray) {
 		return decode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(pArray));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decodes a byte[] containing characters in the Base-N alphabet.
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            A byte array containing Base-N character data
 	 * @return a byte array containing binary data
 	 */
 	public byte[] decode(byte[] pArray) {
 		Context context = new Context();
 		if (pArray == null || pArray.length == 0) {
 			return pArray;
 		}
 		decode(pArray, 0, pArray.length, context);
 		decode(pArray, 0, EOF, context); // Notify decoder of EOF.
 		byte[] result = new byte[context.pos];
 		readResults(result, 0, result.length, context);
 		return result;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encodes a byte[] containing binary data, into a byte[] containing
 	 * characters in the alphabet.
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            a byte array containing binary data
 	 * @return A byte array containing only the basen alphabetic character data
 	 */
 	public byte[] encode(byte[] pArray) {
 		Context context = new Context();
 		if (pArray == null || pArray.length == 0) {
 			return pArray;
 		}
 		encode(pArray, 0, pArray.length, context);
 		encode(pArray, 0, EOF, context); // Notify encoder of EOF.
 		byte[] buf = new byte[context.pos - context.readPos];
 		readResults(buf, 0, buf.length, context);
 		return buf;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Tests a given byte array to see if it contains only valid characters
 	 * within the alphabet. The method optionally treats whitespace and pad as
 	 * valid.
 	 * 
 	 * @param arrayOctet
 	 *            byte array to test
 	 * @param allowWSPad
 	 *            if {@code true}, then whitespace and PAD are also allowed
 	 * 
 	 * @return {@code true} if all bytes are valid characters in the alphabet or
 	 *         if the byte array is empty; {@code false}, otherwise
 	 */
 	public boolean isInAlphabet(byte[] arrayOctet, boolean allowWSPad) {
 		for (byte b : arrayOctet) {
 			if (!isInAlphabet(b) && (!allowWSPad || (b != PAD) && !isWhiteSpace(b))) {
 				return false;
 			}
 		}
 		return true;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Tests a given String to see if it contains only valid characters within
 	 * the alphabet. The method treats whitespace and PAD as valid.
 	 * 
 	 * @param basen
 	 *            String to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if all characters in the String are valid characters
 	 *         in the alphabet or if the String is empty; {@code false},
 	 *         otherwise
 	 * @see #isInAlphabet(byte[], boolean)
 	 */
 	public boolean isInAlphabet(String basen) {
 		return isInAlphabet(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(basen), true);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Tests a given byte array to see if it contains any characters within the
 	 * alphabet or PAD.
 	 * 
 	 * Intended for use in checking line-ending arrays
 	 * 
 	 * @param arrayOctet
 	 *            byte array to test
 	 * @return {@code true} if any byte is a valid character in the alphabet or
 	 *         PAD; {@code false} otherwise
 	 */
 	protected boolean containsAlphabetOrPad(byte[] arrayOctet) {
 		if (arrayOctet == null) {
 			return false;
 		}
 		for (byte element : arrayOctet) {
 			if (PAD == element || isInAlphabet(element)) {
 				return true;
 			}
 		}
 		return false;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Calculates the amount of space needed to encode the supplied array.
 	 * 
 	 * @param pArray
 	 *            byte[] array which will later be encoded
 	 * 
 	 * @return amount of space needed to encoded the supplied array. Returns a
 	 *         long since a max-len array will require > Integer.MAX_VALUE
 	 */
 	public long getEncodedLength(byte[] pArray) {
 		// Calculate non-chunked size - rounded up to allow for padding
 		// cast to long is needed to avoid possibility of overflow
 		long len = ((pArray.length + unencodedBlockSize - 1) / unencodedBlockSize) * (long) encodedBlockSize;
 		if (lineLength > 0) { // We're using chunking
 			// Round up to nearest multiple
 			len += ((len + lineLength - 1) / lineLength) * chunkSeparatorLength;
 		}
 		return len;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Character encoding names required of every implementation of the Java
 	 * platform.
 	 * 
 	 * From the Java documentation <a href=
 	 * "http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html"
 	 * >Standard charsets</a>:
 	 * <p>
 	 * <cite>Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support
 	 * the following character encodings. Consult the release documentation for
 	 * your implementation to see if any other encodings are supported. Consult
 	 * the release documentation for your implementation to see if any other
 	 * encodings are supported. </cite>
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <ul>
 	 * <li><code>US-ASCII</code><br/>
 	 * Seven-bit ASCII, a.k.a. ISO646-US, a.k.a. the Basic Latin block of the
 	 * Unicode character set.</li>
 	 * <li><code>ISO-8859-1</code><br/>
 	 * ISO Latin Alphabet No. 1, a.k.a. ISO-LATIN-1.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-8</code><br/>
 	 * Eight-bit Unicode Transformation Format.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-16BE</code><br/>
 	 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, big-endian byte order.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-16LE</code><br/>
 	 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, little-endian byte order.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-16</code><br/>
 	 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, byte order specified by a
 	 * mandatory initial byte-order mark (either order accepted on input,
 	 * big-endian used on output.)</li>
 	 * </ul>
 	 * 
 	 * This perhaps would best belong in the [lang] project. Even if a similar
 	 * interface is defined in [lang], it is not foreseen that [codec] would be
 	 * made to depend on [lang].
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @see <a
 	 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 	 *      charsets</a>
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 * @version $Id$
 	 */
 	public static class CharEncoding {
 		/**
 		 * CharEncodingISO Latin Alphabet No. 1, a.k.a. ISO-LATIN-1. </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final String ISO_8859_1 = "ISO-8859-1";
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Seven-bit ASCII, also known as ISO646-US, also known as the Basic
 		 * Latin block of the Unicode character set.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final String US_ASCII = "US-ASCII";
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, The byte order specified
 		 * by a mandatory initial byte-order mark (either order accepted on
 		 * input, big-endian used on output)
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final String UTF_16 = "UTF-16";
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, big-endian byte order.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final String UTF_16BE = "UTF-16BE";
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, little-endian byte order.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final String UTF_16LE = "UTF-16LE";
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Eight-bit Unicode Transformation Format.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final String UTF_8 = "UTF-8";
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Charsets required of every implementation of the Java platform.
 	 * 
 	 * From the Java documentation <a href=
 	 * "http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html"
 	 * >Standard charsets</a>:
 	 * <p>
 	 * <cite>Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support
 	 * the following character encodings. Consult the release documentation for
 	 * your implementation to see if any other encodings are supported. Consult
 	 * the release documentation for your implementation to see if any other
 	 * encodings are supported. </cite>
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <ul>
 	 * <li><code>US-ASCII</code><br/>
 	 * Seven-bit ASCII, a.k.a. ISO646-US, a.k.a. the Basic Latin block of the
 	 * Unicode character set.</li>
 	 * <li><code>ISO-8859-1</code><br/>
 	 * ISO Latin Alphabet No. 1, a.k.a. ISO-LATIN-1.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-8</code><br/>
 	 * Eight-bit Unicode Transformation Format.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-16BE</code><br/>
 	 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, big-endian byte order.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-16LE</code><br/>
 	 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, little-endian byte order.</li>
 	 * <li><code>UTF-16</code><br/>
 	 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, byte order specified by a
 	 * mandatory initial byte-order mark (either order accepted on input,
 	 * big-endian used on output.)</li>
 	 * </ul>
 	 * 
 	 * This perhaps would best belong in the Commons Lang project. Even if a
 	 * similar class is defined in Commons Lang, it is not foreseen that Commons
 	 * Codec would be made to depend on Commons Lang.
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @see <a
 	 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 	 *      charsets</a>
 	 * @since 1.7
 	 * @version $Id: CharEncoding.java 1173287 2011-09-20 18:16:19Z ggregory $
 	 */
 	public static class Charsets {
 
 		//
 		// This class should only contain Charset instances for required
 		// encodings. This guarantees that it will load correctly and
 		// without delay on all Java platforms.
 		//
 
 		/**
 		 * Returns the given Charset or the default Charset if the given Charset
 		 * is null.
 		 * 
 		 * @param charset
 		 *            A charset or null.
 		 * @return the given Charset or the default Charset if the given Charset
 		 *         is null
 		 */
 		public static Charset toCharset(Charset charset) {
 			return charset == null ? Charset.defaultCharset() : charset;
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Returns a Charset for the named charset. If the name is null, return
 		 * the default Charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param charset
 		 *            The name of the requested charset, may be null.
 		 * @return a Charset for the named charset
 		 * @throws UnsupportedCharsetException
 		 *             If the named charset is unavailable
 		 */
 		public static Charset toCharset(String charset) {
 			return charset == null ? Charset.defaultCharset() : Charset.forName(charset);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * CharEncodingISO Latin Alphabet No. 1, a.k.a. ISO-LATIN-1. </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final Charset ISO_8859_1 = StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1;
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Seven-bit ASCII, also known as ISO646-US, also known as the Basic
 		 * Latin block of the Unicode character set.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final Charset US_ASCII = StandardCharsets.US_ASCII;
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, The byte order specified
 		 * by a mandatory initial byte-order mark (either order accepted on
 		 * input, big-endian used on output)
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final Charset UTF_16 = StandardCharsets.UTF_16;
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, big-endian byte order.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final Charset UTF_16BE = StandardCharsets.UTF_16BE;
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Sixteen-bit Unicode Transformation Format, little-endian byte order.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final Charset UTF_16LE = StandardCharsets.UTF_16LE;
 
 		/**
 		 * <p>
 		 * Eight-bit Unicode Transformation Format.
 		 * </p>
 		 * <p>
 		 * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support this
 		 * character encoding.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 */
 		public static final Charset UTF_8 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Converts String to and from bytes using the encodings required by the
 	 * Java specification. These encodings are specified in <a href=
 	 * "http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html"
 	 * >Standard charsets</a>
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @see CharEncoding
 	 * @see <a
 	 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 	 *      charsets</a>
 	 * @version $Id$
 	 * @since 1.4
 	 */
 	public static class StringUtils {
 
 		/**
 		 * Calls {@link String#getBytes(Charset)}
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            The string to encode (if null, return null).
 		 * @param charset
 		 *            The {@link Charset} to encode the {@code String}
 		 * @return the encoded bytes
 		 */
 		private static byte[] getBytes(String string, Charset charset) {
 			if (string == null) {
 				return null;
 			}
 			return string.getBytes(charset);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the
 		 * ISO-8859-1 charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#ISO_8859_1} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 * @see #getBytesUnchecked(String, String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesIso8859_1(String string) {
 			return getBytes(string, Charsets.ISO_8859_1);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the named
 		 * charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * <p>
 		 * This method catches {@link UnsupportedEncodingException} and rethrows
 		 * it as {@link IllegalStateException}, which should never happen for a
 		 * required charset name. Use this method when the encoding is required
 		 * to be in the JRE.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @param charsetName
 		 *            The name of a required {@link java.nio.charset.Charset}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws IllegalStateException
 		 *             Thrown when a {@link UnsupportedEncodingException} is
 		 *             caught, which should never happen for a required charset
 		 *             name.
 		 * @see CharEncoding
 		 * @see String#getBytes(String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesUnchecked(String string, String charsetName) {
 			if (string == null) {
 				return null;
 			}
 			try {
 				return string.getBytes(charsetName);
 			} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
 				throw StringUtils.newIllegalStateException(charsetName, e);
 			}
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the US-ASCII
 		 * charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#US_ASCII} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 * @see #getBytesUnchecked(String, String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesUsAscii(String string) {
 			return getBytes(string, Charsets.US_ASCII);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the UTF-16
 		 * charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_16} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 * @see #getBytesUnchecked(String, String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesUtf16(String string) {
 			return getBytes(string, Charsets.UTF_16);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the UTF-16BE
 		 * charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_16BE} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 * @see #getBytesUnchecked(String, String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesUtf16Be(String string) {
 			return getBytes(string, Charsets.UTF_16BE);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the UTF-16LE
 		 * charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_16LE} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 * @see #getBytesUnchecked(String, String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesUtf16Le(String string) {
 			return getBytes(string, Charsets.UTF_16LE);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Encodes the given string into a sequence of bytes using the UTF-8
 		 * charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
 		 * 
 		 * @param string
 		 *            the String to encode, may be {@code null}
 		 * @return encoded bytes, or {@code null} if the input string was
 		 *         {@code null}
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_8} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 * @see <a
 		 *      href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/nio/charset/Charset.html">Standard
 		 *      charsets</a>
 		 * @see #getBytesUnchecked(String, String)
 		 */
 		public static byte[] getBytesUtf8(String string) {
 			return getBytes(string, Charsets.UTF_8);
 		}
 
 		private static IllegalStateException newIllegalStateException(String charsetName, UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
 			return new IllegalStateException(charsetName + ": " + e);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the given charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters
 		 * @param charset
 		 *            The {@link Charset} to encode the {@code String}
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the given charset, or {@code null} if the input
 		 *         byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_8} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 */
 		private static String newString(byte[] bytes, Charset charset) {
 			return bytes == null ? null : new String(bytes, charset);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the given charset.
 		 * <p>
 		 * This method catches {@link UnsupportedEncodingException} and
 		 * re-throws it as {@link IllegalStateException}, which should never
 		 * happen for a required charset name. Use this method when the encoding
 		 * is required to be in the JRE.
 		 * </p>
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters, may be
 		 *            {@code null}
 		 * @param charsetName
 		 *            The name of a required {@link java.nio.charset.Charset}
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the given charset, or {@code null} if the input
 		 *         byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws IllegalStateException
 		 *             Thrown when a {@link UnsupportedEncodingException} is
 		 *             caught, which should never happen for a required charset
 		 *             name.
 		 * @see CharEncoding
 		 * @see String#String(byte[], String)
 		 */
 		public static String newString(byte[] bytes, String charsetName) {
 			if (bytes == null) {
 				return null;
 			}
 			try {
 				return new String(bytes, charsetName);
 			} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
 				throw StringUtils.newIllegalStateException(charsetName, e);
 			}
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the ISO-8859-1 charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters, may be
 		 *            {@code null}
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the ISO-8859-1 charset, or {@code null} if the
 		 *         input byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#ISO_8859_1} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 */
 		public static String newStringIso8859_1(byte[] bytes) {
 			return new String(bytes, Charsets.ISO_8859_1);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the US-ASCII charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the US-ASCII charset, or {@code null} if the
 		 *         input byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#US_ASCII} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 */
 		public static String newStringUsAscii(byte[] bytes) {
 			return new String(bytes, Charsets.US_ASCII);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the UTF-16 charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the UTF-16 charset or {@code null} if the input
 		 *         byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_16} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 */
 		public static String newStringUtf16(byte[] bytes) {
 			return new String(bytes, Charsets.UTF_16);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the UTF-16BE charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the UTF-16BE charset, or {@code null} if the
 		 *         input byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_16BE} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 */
 		public static String newStringUtf16Be(byte[] bytes) {
 			return new String(bytes, Charsets.UTF_16BE);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the UTF-16LE charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the UTF-16LE charset, or {@code null} if the
 		 *         input byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_16LE} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 */
 		public static String newStringUtf16Le(byte[] bytes) {
 			return new String(bytes, Charsets.UTF_16LE);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Constructs a new <code>String</code> by decoding the specified array
 		 * of bytes using the UTF-8 charset.
 		 * 
 		 * @param bytes
 		 *            The bytes to be decoded into characters
 		 * @return A new <code>String</code> decoded from the specified array of
 		 *         bytes using the UTF-8 charset, or {@code null} if the input
 		 *         byte array was {@code null}.
 		 * @throws NullPointerException
 		 *             Thrown if {@link Charsets#UTF_8} is not initialized,
 		 *             which should never happen since it is required by the
 		 *             Java platform specification.
 		 * @since As of 1.7, throws {@link NullPointerException} instead of
 		 *        UnsupportedEncodingException
 		 */
 		public static String newStringUtf8(byte[] bytes) {
 			return newString(bytes, Charsets.UTF_8);
 		}
 
 	}
 
 }